作者：向海的风
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There are a lot of people, talking about the history of China’s humiliation is the Song Why? Because Song was minority bullied and Mongolia extinction? In fact, world history at that time was even greater than the Mongol destruction of the Song. Even the most powerful Arab (flower La Department of submodules, etc.), Mongolia, Persia were destroyed. The powers of the world was destroyed just a few months, while resistance to a half-century Song Sung Why people should be proud of? a foreign well-known scholar said, is China’s Renaissance Song . Song of science and technology will undoubtedly live at the forefront of the world. Song of the times in science and technology achievements of the great, high, in Chinese history is rare. Shocked the world three great inventions – gunpowder, movable type printing and the compass, was born in this period. As many domestic and foreign well-known historian pointed out, these three inventions changed the world civilization development process. In addition, the Chinese people in many respects a success, building water conservancy projects, implementation of double cropping of rice planting; tea cultivation area expanded; 棉花 become popular in crop; Suanpan start applications, has since become East Asia businessmen main computing tool; powder promoted the invention of rockets, sudden guns, artillery, mines, fire cones and other weapons of the revolution. In short, the technology is not good social atmosphere of the Song, the invention of movable type is very difficult birth. The invention of movable type may be accidental, but it does it resides in the Song of social respect science and technology, paying attention to the necessary atmosphere into. In the astronomy field, Song also made brilliant achievements.
North Song Dynasty, Yang Zhong Fu to develop “system-day calendar” to 365.2425 days a year, a figure issued by the West and the West in 1582 lasted exactly the same data than the values measured by modern astronomy, only a thin 26 seconds. This shows the high level of development of astronomy in Song. In biology and medicine, the Song is also remarkable achievement. Comprehensive development in the economic and cultural context of the Song government attaches great importance to the general public health medicine, health-related cause, not the government come forward to edit the chop a lot of medical books, but also requires counties to expand the applications. The “Tai Ping Sheng Hui Fang” 100 volumes, contains 16,834 Chinese medicine prescription, “Saint-economic record,” 200 volumes, is a medical encyclopedia, collection of diagnosis, prescription, examination pulse, medication, acupuncture and other aspects of the theory and practical results. “Governance and Materia Medica,” describes a total of 1,558 kinds of various herbs, including the additional 628 kinds of drugs, can be said that a comprehensive pharmacology book. Southern Song Dynasty, Song Ci compiled and summarized the previous forensic knowledge, to create “Xi Yuan Ji Lu,” a book, which involved an injury examination, autopsy, blood type identification, casualty identification, check bone, and many theoretical and practical, while poisons and poison treatment methods have also been concluded, this is a world first forensic work. The only describes a small part of the Song Dynasty achievements medical field only, this also shows that the level of scientific and technological development during the Song of seen the. In addition to the above, the two other major achievements Song separate mention the need to:
First, the Song Dynasty painting. The Last Emperor Zhao Ji Although the emperor did not, but his great contribution to the art of Chinese painting is undeniable.
First of all, he is a natural deep drawing fans, but also a deeply accomplished painter. Secondly, he is the organizer of the Song Dynasty painting in the field and major funders. Because of this origin, within the palace in the Song Dynasty, concentrated a large number of outstanding artists. Huang Quan of flowers, Li Gonglin figures, Mi Fu and the son Tomohito of the landscape, Huizong my bird, are known to the world transcendence. Even now look at their artistic vision, it can be said that unprecedented, as to whether there will be newcomers, will depend on whether the future of the artists than their predecessors had.
Second, the Song also one of the most brilliant art technology, are less than those for the dynasty, is porcelain. Song with rich culture, the rulers of their own cultural qualities and values to unite in the porcelain on the arts and culture is unparalleled. The typical kiln to Song for the Queen’s porcelain, glaze dull its subtle, elegant performers among the inner meaning. From the aesthetic point of view, its artistic style is elegant, especially by Westerners dumping Lai. Fine of borneol, between subtle light shining diamonds, as if the Song dynasty artist inadvertently knocking the serious ice ax came to us through time and space, moist and delicate. Five Ming Dynasty kiln later to known as the “eternal Masterpiece.”
It was not a copy and past, a tremendous difference there is a certain reason. Porcelain is the most exquisite art and craft the perfect combination of precision. Porcelain wares because large numbers throughout the production, not only for the Royal nobility, but also for the officials and scholars, and cherished by the public class, usage, so all renowned for their people are amazed. Porcelain process have lost many, many porcelain craftsmanship achieved even if the modern is immune. Song porcelain is so fine, can be said that the government-run porcelain Song left almost priceless.
After the Song Dynasty, ancient men of letters and antique lovers relish Song Guan ware, the author’s writings were numerous, but the history can be witnessed and the real appreciation of the true features of the very few people in the Song Dynasty Guan Kiln. Discussion of the Song Dynasty kiln changes to confusing, it is benevolent see benevolence and the wise see wisdom.
In this way, they have left to play free imagination. Song Guan ware research on ancient Chinese ceramics will become out of one of the most popular topics.
Technology will not say more, the Song is the most amazing, not to speech of scholars Song Code the most thorough scholars as Secretary of Defense (Senate) is the only modern West appeared new, but in the Song Dynasty, this is a common practice . Military reform is the military commander impermanence, impermanence military commander, commander of the army which is the basic modern state system. According to historical records, too Zuli Guo, he has carved in the Imperial Ancestral Temple in Zuxun, this training is only the Emperor himself in worship Imperial Ancestral Temple, the illiterate of the eunuch by a guide to Taejo oath Beiqian recitation. Kaifeng City, the day broke, there are curious to know the time of the above went to Imperial Ancestral Temple of the content (can be said to be immortal in Chinese history’s most famous words of): “Chai’s sons guilty of not Infliction, vertical guilty plotters and ends in prison give do not line Slaughter City Cao, nor even and spend an “;” shall not kill scholar, and a letter word do people “;” children and grandchildren who are yu this oath, the day will be hit by lightning. ”
Commendable is the Song dynasty emperor are pretty obedient. Let Taizu of these articles date in Chinese history most enlightened policy had been effectively implemented, over three hundred years, can say that this is a song and once 300 years of the Great Charter, is contemporary in the most liberal countries in the world Magna Carta, it is fundamentally a system to ensure that the Song Dynasty so the peak of China’s civilization. Song is a true scholar of the times, that is, civilian population of praise and body line of the era.
Temple on top of endless controversy monarch and his subjects; lakes among scholars pointing country. Can any move which on behalf of, writers have this other identity and status? Chodo above, Bao Zheng spittle bursting in air, Ren silk test the emperor had to face, but only when not seen the old package, still vehemently;
Above rivers and lakes, Zhongyan Magic Pen flower: “first to show concern and worry, after the world to enjoy.”
Chen Yinque Great Masters of Song of the evaluation period, said: “Chinese national culture, listing the Thousand Years of Evolution, and made great in Zhaosong the world. After the gradual decline, they shall revival.”
Song dynasty, is the most nourishing period of intellectuals live. There is also the Chinese intellectuals and political ideals, cultural, innovative, ethical pursuit, life and secure society. We do not deny the Song of political struggle, political struggle, but often just different political views, although there are partisan, but not physically eliminate. Most are banished. Wang and Ouyang Xiu, Sima Guang and Su Shi although different political views, but are still not private friendship. Ouyang Xiu’s death, the highest rating given to Ouyang Xiu, not his party comrades, but his political opponents Wang. Shows the times it was a gentleman.
Chinese history, there are so many celebrities have appeared towards Ren (the Tang and Song Six people appeared at the same time), no accident, it is appropriate the fruits of nurturing political political environment. Chinese history more mature political parties, is typical of this period of political phenomena.
Wang led to the Reform Party and the Conservative Party, led by Sima Guang turn power nearly a hundred years, which is a miracle in world history.
It should be noted that I made here is political, not history, it is often criticized for cronies. There are many dynasties in Chinese history, there are between the partisan Secretary of State, mutual strife, devastation in ancient situation. Ouyang Xiu had discussed this: “Gentlemen fellow, villain with a sharp”, the history of the cliques, often purely for the benefit of collusion, rely on each other.
Political parties are not the same, although of interest between them, but the important thing is that they have ideals, aspirations and hope to achieve this moral. Apply now, then, is that political parties must first have lofty ideals, specific and realistic goal, a program organized leader. The real cool stuff, early implementation of Ren era, though ineffective, fail to save the North were to be broken, but its nature as a political system, but can not be ignored, but can not be denied. Throughout the previous major dynasties of Song, have their drawbacks.
Chinese beginning to end, not from the Dukes had the scourge, the beginning of this dynasty is not limited to open first, Empress Lu in power, nearly kill Liu country. In the end, it was dead on the Dukes. In addition to Dukes, the Han Dynasty set up the kings and feudal, the results are almost bad events, the Western Jin Dynasty that came later, it destroyed the kings packet on. Eight Princes, ending the rule of the Western Jin Dynasty, also began the first time the Central Region alien rule.
Wu Tang seems to re-light text, local officials are entrusted with the military and political power, human rights, property rights, government ownership is in the military governors, the results become too cumbersome. For expansion, reuse northern barbarians, like those of Roman soldiers with the very people fighting for their own, can be the result? And is similar to the fate of the Roman Empire. Happened in the heyday of the Rebellion, of the Man captured two in Beijing, and lost all expansion of the territory of Central Asia, Mongolia, home of the Hexi Corridor, even Hebei (Hebei reverse occurred in the late Middle and the barbarians of), the capital of several times compromised, a division of the situation entirely. Since the Tang Dezong, the central government exists in name only, much like the Spring and Autumn Period of Zhou Dynasty, the local lords think of you, give point, wanted to use you, send point. Since the Tang Dynasty around the central government did not effectively rule, resulting in warlords. Central China’s unprecedented economic and military power weakened. Barbarians took the opportunity to invade the North Central Plains, and continue to erode the territory. To Taizu of Later Liang on behalf of the Tang Dynasty, Han Chinese and barbarians Central Plains has become a serious reality mixed. Khitan, and other barbarian tribes took the opportunity to become their own country, to establish a similar regime of Confucian culture. Can be said that military governors of the chaos, resulting in the demise of the Tang Dynasty, and directly after the formation of the Five Dynasties and Ten States since the Qin Dynasty in China’s most severe since the Great Schism. The split on the depth of the danger of Chinese civilization, only today there may be more understanding. This is the East Hu Department (Xianbei, Khitan, Jurchen, Mongolian) barbarians have the opportunity to gradually shift from the nomadic people depend on agriculture and the Confucian culture, civilization and nation. And this became the main obstacle to reunification of the Song later. Song Liguo, the rulers have to face the question is how to establish a political framework to overcome the various dynasties from the Qin dynasties on behalf of the state. Imperial Examination System of Selecting and Appointing the establishment of both major political break the powerful family trust structure, is a good solution hereditary bureaucratic system of the state. Although started from the Sui Dynasty imperial examination system, but the system as the basic system of personnel selection is based on the Song, access the lower increase in the number selection (Tang Dynasty Scholars enrolled each time, but twenty or thirty people, could range from a few, a dozen people. Song up each taking two or three hundred people, or even five, six hundred people), as a national examination system to take a disability means to open branches implemented quickly into the scholar of Sung era. However, Wu Song descendants often criticized the weak. Song in front of the external tragedy specifically stated, this section will not explain. The reference to the Ming Dynasty scholar’s words sum up: “Song of the weak, or that section of town by the cut right to it, husband festival town of strong, non Song Qiang, also, strong weak branch naturally founding general. Two hundred and disadvantages point, talk and laugh of reforms, end the suffering of Song Qiang Chen, this not the great means for next day moved on. “approach are riddled with abuse, both among the victims of their right to light, the right of its weight between the two interests, not also in line? Song is a traditional Chinese cultural development of the peak. Philosophy, ethics, education, science, literature, art, medicine, technology can be said to blossom, and reached an unprecedented height. Taketo origin brought in, the importance of culture over all other emperor. Emperor try reading “Dian”, sighed, saying: “Yao, Shun the world, Sixiong the crime, only channeling from the cast, how evil of modern constitutional outline of the secret!” Kuangyin law was enacted. Law
Legal provisions can not be moving in court whipping minister. Insults are not allowed on or poor. In addition to the subjects as rebellion and treason, shall not kill. Supervisors has established a system specifically. Pu Zhao founding prime minister has made: “I rule the world half the Analects of Confucius.” Taejo once said, “the prime minister to people with reading!” This monarch and his subjects two pairs of Confucianism, the attitude of the scholars decided the basic policy of the Song of the culture. From the Song Dynasty of Chinese history since the second academic freedom since the Spring and Autumn period. Song abnormal development of school education in capital with the country of Studies, Imperial College, etc., another highly professional martial art, legal studies, mathematics, art school, books, medicine. Renzong later, set up schools to encourage the counties to Huizong period, the national burden of accommodation in the counties by the official number of students reached 15, six people, this situation is unprecedented in the world at that time. In addition to government-run schools in suits, a private teaching apprentices also become common practice, in which the prosperity of the College the most attention, the so-called four nationally known college, that is, Shek Kwu, Yue Lu, Bailudong should be days of college, according to historical records, to the Southern Song Dynasty, many states have built the College, such as Shaoxing, Huizhou, Suzhou, Guizhou, joint state, and so on. College and government-run school in different counties, usually built by the literati, and thus more relaxed school environment, in addition to orthodox Confucianism suits, other kinds of academic lectures are available, different ideas from each other to exchange and, Debate, such as Zhu Xi, Lu Jiuyuan’s “Swan Lake Club” between Zhu Xi Chen Liang’s “hegemony Debate Righteousness”, etc., so active in the student’s thinking, and promote academic prosperity and progress. Universal education is both a highly developed culture Song important symbol, but also made major achievements in the Song Dynasty culture is an important reason. Specifically, the Song Dynasty culture in philosophy, history, literature, art and other areas have achieved a unique success. On philosophy, ethics, the Song is the second most productive after the Spring and Autumn period. To yi, Cheng Hao and represented to the Confucian classics, “Yi” and “moderate” as the core, while absorption of Taoism, Buddhism and other ideas, and establish a more complete universe, originality, and evolution of living things theories of human good and evil and become the pioneer of Neo finally formed a new Science, represented by Confucianism, China’s feudal society, the dominant thinking of late. To the North Song Dynasty, the use of “Justice” and the areas of ontology, epistemology, human nature and other organic link “truth” of man’s will, from time and space constraints, is the eternal existence, the universe of origin. It is not only the highest law of nature is the supreme principle of human society. Cheng was also more systematically established the basic category of Neo-Confucianism can be said that the founder of the Song Neo-Confucianism. To the Southern Song Dynasty, Zhu Xi known as Er-way thinking of the core, since the absorption of blending the Northern Song Dynasty Confucian factions, including the yi, Zhang Zai, and others, to build a large system of ideology, his “Justice” and “Human Desire “as the main, to human nature, epistemology, human nature, morality and other organically together, thus completing the establishment of a new system of Confucian theory of the difficult task, therefore, Zhu Xi is a master of Song Neo-Confucianism, Confucius, Mencius later the most influential Confucian scholar, plays a decisive role in Chinese history
Position. However, science does not dominate the world in the Song Dynasty, both the Southern Song, or Song, thinkers are very active at the same time there are other different kinds of thought. Academic differences and Zhu Xi’s Jiuyuan learn Zen theory of “mind is principle” of the proposition, after a fierce debate between the two, and finally let the matter rest, know that the air was very academic freedom and academic environment is very relaxed. Another example is the field of history, in the compilation of style, in addition to the traditional chronological succession, recorded body mass in addition to the newly created Major Events, which after the history of the development of far-reaching implications. Generally speaking, there are many taboos of contemporary history, which opened the Song government restrictions on Private History will no doubt contribute significantly to the prosperity and development of history. Because of this, the Song has made many achievements in history. Among them, Sima Guang et al, “Mirror” is the most well-known as a chronological History of great works, its history and political value is sufficient and the “Historical Records” comparable. In the literature, the Song is not only inherited the glorious Tang Dynasty, but also formed his own style – Times New Roman. Kaleidoscopic artistic achievement and is Tang Song, in Song Dynasty, the achievements of this art form reached its peak. A group represented by Ouyang Xiu Prose us to make this literary form has reached unprecedented heights. It should be said, in Song Dynasty culture is very remarkable achievements made in many areas reached the peak of the ancient civilization, but also to future generations pose massive 文化 the far-reaching impact, such as the Ming and Qing Dynasties of the novel is derived from the direct Dao Song story-teller, then used this, and so on. Finally, look at Song of the economy, when accounting for 60% of the world. Business is extremely busy in the eyes of many around the Song Dynasty in Chinese history one of the worst dynasty, and “weak Song” word seems to be most this rule China or part of 300 years old dynasty to draw a set of theory. Indeed, according to the evaluation of Chinese traditional standards of the Song dynasty indeed very shameful. First, there must be strong, centralized – it seems decent Song; Second, “in this world Could Wang soil” – the Western Regions were not enough, the top is to Moscow, also fetched good – this Song on the poor , and the Southern Song Dynasty he sacrifice the long corner on the need to mention, such as “warm air Xunde visitors drunk, straight to Hangzhou for Bianzhou” a lot like the irony of a poem is the Song, really pushed the eastern borders to the front line of the Great Wall Time is nothing but just a moment, not to mention the Northwest; the last is to Yang Guowei in extraterritorial – “Chinese persons who have committed strong, though much will punish!”, preferably a wolf Home Xu annual seal. What kind of day Khan? Khan was cool to the universe – the Song dynasty is even worse, what a long drive Mobei, destroy the poll, Huanglong, even their own money to bail out, constantly give money each year, called Uncle Peter’s has always looked sick call. Two emperors were captured, two in mainland Dai Buzhu to go to sea – these are perhaps the most before or since those glorious deeds. One figure is very compelling – Song of the financial revenue reached 160 million has been consistently the highest culture, the late Northern Song Dynasty general reach 8000-9000 million years have consistently article, even if the loss of half of the Southern Song Dynasty, the financial income of up to 100
000 000 consistent text. This is what a concept? Our figures compare with the other know. Minglong celebrate 5 years (1571) silver, 2.5 million into the country two years. Wanli Zhang Juzheng 28 years after reform (1600), two years into the four million (although Jang Renwangzhengxi death, but the relative financial reforms to be destroyed even less, but this time only 10 years away from Zhang’s death, it is estimated that more than the number of Jang period when the country has less revenue than where to go). Ming chaos, peasant uprisings in the post-gold flank, the Ming government has increased the rates Liao, suppress the collection of rates and training rates, the famous “three rates deploy”, the results confused these days, populations everywhere . So too were such as “harm than good” approach will bring home how much income? About 10 million per year is about two. At this point a year means that fiscal revenues the Ming Dynasty about 15 million taels of silver around. If we think that the general rate of 1 silver taels of silver coins = 1 consistent, then the revenue of the Ming dynasty at this time only less than Song 1 / 10, Song of less than 1 / 6, although this is the demise of the Southern Song Dynasty 300 years later, even though the land is much larger than the Ming Song. The financial position of the Qing Ming is better than some of the country initially for the Shunzhi 7 years (1650) revenue 14,850,000 2. Xianfeng period (before 1850), about 3000-4000 million years into two. The number is still far less than 600 years ago, the Song Dynasty, at a time when China’s population has more than 300 million, estimated at 2-3 times higher than the Song of the population. Until the late Manchu dynasty, the state revenue to reach the level of the Song Dynasty. (Due to exchange rate reasons such as off-color rate, revenue may have overestimated the Song dynasty, but even so, the Song of revenue far greater than any other feudal dynasty is still a fact no doubt) the Song of revenue so huge burden mean that people are extremely high? Of course, the per capita revenue from the point of view certainly is. However, to know the history of the Song is not the only two nationwide peasant uprising broke out over a large one dynasty. Only a few large-scale uprising, uprisings, such as Li Shun Wang Xiaobo, Song Jiang uprising, Fang La Rebellion, the uprising are all unitary clock phase Yang province never more than one area. Another such a good record is the Western Jin dynasty, while the Western Jin Dynasty was able to so great a fear of life because it is too short, not too late to the outbreak of the intifada. Shows that the Song is not bad people live. The reason we think that the Song people miserable, I am afraid a large extent by the “Water Margin” effect. Regardless of which fictional elements to mention that, in fact, from the “Water Margin” in view of the heroes who have been driven to revolt, or the main reason Lacao persecuted by others, or committed a crime, or is captured, deceived the Yangsan really did not eat, can not live on a very small Liangshan. So whether it is a huge revenue come from? Look at the following set of numbers to know. Xining 10 years (1077) Song tax revenues were 70.7 million consistent, of which agriculture two taxes 21,620,000 penetration, 30%, industrial and commercial tax 49,110,000 consistently (this figure how much, we can compare the Ming dynasty the famous miser Emperor Ming Shenzong (Wanli) to “mining tax” of items in the way pressing business with Banded who plundered a total of 8 years to 200 million taels of silver,
Less than a fraction of the Song Dynasty), accounting for 70%. This figure shows that state revenues constitute the main body is no longer agricultural, but industrial and commercial, agricultural society to industrial society has quietly begun moving the. Song was not a huge revenue by increasing the exploitation of the peasants, but the rapid development of the national economy, industry and commerce extreme prosperity, productivity gains. As a traditional agricultural country, collected a large number of small farmers directly to the state agricultural tax has been the basis of rule, like the Song Dynasty is unique in this situation, until the Qing dynasty, business income only once over the agricultural tax. Since a large number of small independent farmers are no longer simply national survival, the Song dynasty to be taken very different from other land policy – “no annexation.” For thousands of years, China has traditionally been regarded as state land annexation great harm, doing everything possible to be suppressed. Thus forming a circle – the founding dynasty re-allocation of land, created out of millions of small farmers; through the years accumulate and the land to the hands of a few centralized, national loss of sources, some desperate farmers lost their land; large-scale peasant uprising broke out, the government collapsed, the establishment of a new dynasty, the redistribution of land. This is entirely a product of natural economy, which of course can guarantee that most farmers can have some land for farming, but on the other hand, this approach also limits the division of labor, limiting the intensive economic development, limited commercial and industrial the rise of the Chinese society tied firmly to the natural economy. Moreover, this does not completely prevent the trend of concentration of land, must be periodically re-allocation of time on land, and each time the redistribution of land almost always accompanied by a large-scale war and destruction. Song’s approach has enabled it to successfully jumped out of the cycle. The Agriculture on the one hand, to intensive management of land and release a large number of surplus labor (it is estimated that less than 1% of the population at that time occupied 70% of the national land, while the annual flow of the market into account the country’s total land area 20%); the other hand, successful development of the business, not only absorb a large number of rural labor force (Shinshu Kanayama only a copper lead ores have often employed more than ten thousand miners, mining day and night), more importantly, to promote the socio-economic , the rapid increase productivity. This can not help but reminiscent of the early British industrial revolution, “sheep ate people” phenomenon, social and economic development were similar to, but different scale than the great British Song many times longer than in the United Kingdom for centuries, and people therefore be suffering much less than the United Kingdom.
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